Attachment of molecules to surfaces

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods, reagents, and substrates that can be used for, for example, immobilizing biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. In an embodiment, the present invention relates to surfaces coated with a polymer according to the present invention. In an embodiment, the present invention relates to methods for thermochemically and/or photochemically attaching molecules to a surface at a high density.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods, reagents, and substrates thatcan be used for, for example, immobilizing biomolecules, such as nucleicacids and proteins. In an embodiment, the present invention relates tosurfaces coated with a polymer according to the present invention. In anembodiment, the present invention relates to methods forthermochemically and/or photochemically attaching molecules to a surfaceat a high density.

BACKGROUND

The immobilization of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) onto substrates hasbecome an important aspect in the development of DNA-based assay systemsas well as for other purposes, including the development ofmicrofabricated arrays for DNA analysis. Substrates for immobilizationinclude the surface of microwell plates, tubes, beads, microscopeslides, silicon wafers or membranes.

Hybridization is the method used most routinely to measure biomolecules,e.g., nucleic acids, by base pairing to probes immobilized on a solidsupport. When combined with amplification techniques such as thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR) or ligase chain reaction (LCR),hybridization assays are a powerful tool for diagnosis and research.

A desirable goal for current DNA microarrays is the ability to put anentire species genome on one chip. Also, the ability to place replicatesof a smaller set of genes on one chip is desirable. Another sought aftergoal is that the chips give results that represent the actual populationof a specific nucleic acid in a sample.

There is evidence that more hydrophobic surfaces, that are common in theindustry, interfere with hybridization process near the surface (Hughes,et. al., Nature Biotechnology 19(4):p342-347 April, 2001). Assignee'sU.S. Pat. No. 6,465,178, demonstrated the utility of slides coated withpolyacrylamide copolymers for bioassays in a microarray format. Thehydrophilicity of the polyacrylamide backbone provides an environmentwhere surface reactions mimic kinetics and thermodynamics of a solutionphase (Dorris, et al., BMC Biotechnology Jun. 11, 2003). However,hydrophilic surfaces can increase spot size. Larger spot size limits thenumber of spots that can be placed in an array on a surface.

There remains a need for an improved surface that can provide a higherdensity of spots, and that can retain sufficient hydrophilic characterin an aqueous environment and provide solution phase reaction kineticson the surface.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to methods, compositions, and substratesthat can be used for, for example, immobilizing biomolecules, such asnucleic acids and proteins. The present invention can include or employa polymer including a substantial amount of monomer or monomersincluding uncharged polar moieties other than primary amide, such as apolymer including an N-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedacrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedmethacrylamide, or mixture thereof.

In an embodiment, the present invention includes a substrate. Thesubstrate includes a surface and a polymer. The polymer coats at least aportion of the surface. The polymer includes an effective amount ofmonomer comprising an uncharged polar moiety other than primary amideand of one or more pendant reactive groups configured to form a covalentbond with a biomolecule. In an embodiment, an effective amount is atleast about 40 mol-% of the monomer in the polymer. In an embodiment,the polymer coating is effective to provide a contact angle of about 30°to about 60° for a sessile water drop.

In an embodiment, the present invention includes a substrate. Thesubstrate includes a support surface and polymer coupled to the supportsurface. The polymer includes an effective amount of monomer comprisingan uncharged polar moiety other than primary amide and of one or morereactive groups. In an embodiment, the polymer is configured to formcovalent bonds with a biomolecule.

In an embodiment, the present invention includes a composition includingpolymer. The polymer includes an effective amount of monomer comprisingan uncharged polar moiety other than primary amide and of one or morereactive groups configured to form covalent bonds with correspondingfunctional groups on a biomolecule. In an embodiment, the polymer can beconfigured to be covalently attached to a surface.

In an embodiment, the present invention includes a method of attaching abiomolecule to a surface of a substrate. The method can includeproviding a composition including polymer. The polymer can include aneffective amount of monomer comprising an uncharged polar moiety otherthan primary amide and of one or more pendent reactive groups configuredto form covalent bonds with corresponding functional groups on abiomolecule. The polymer can be configured to be covalently attached tothe surface. The method can also include one or more of: coating andimmobilizing the composition on the substrate surface; providingsolution including biomolecule including one or more functional groupsreactive with the reactive groups; applying an aliquot of the solutionto the substrate surface; and forming covalent bonds between thereactive group and the functional group of the biomolecule.

In an embodiment, the present invention includes a microarray. Themicroarray can include a support surface, polymer covalently coupled tothe support surface, and a biomolecule covalently bound to the polymerin discrete spots. The polymer can include an effective amount ofmonomer comprising an uncharged polar moiety other than primary amideand of one or more reactive groups.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

FIG. 1 presents images of spots printed on a conventional surface and asurface coated with a polymer according to the present invention(Compound V_(B)). Slides were printed with Oligo 1 and 2 and processedas described in Example 7

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

As used herein, the phrase “primary amide” refers to an amide moietyrepresented by the formula —CONH₂. A primary amide can also be referredto as an unsubstituted amide. It includes no substitutions on the amidenitrogen. It includes two hydrogen atoms bonded to the amide nitrogen.

As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredientin the compositions of the invention or employed in the methods of theinvention refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur,for example, through typical measuring and reagent handling proceduresused for making polymer compositions, coated substrates, and microarraysin the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures;through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of theingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods;and the like. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claimsinclude equivalents to the quantities.

Polymers of the Present Invention

The present invention relates to methods, reagents, and substrates thatcan be used for, for example, immobilizing biomolecules, such as nucleicacids and proteins. The present methods, reagents, and substratesinclude a polymer including a substantial amount of monomer or monomersincluding uncharged polar moieties other than primary amide. In anembodiment, the present polymers can be employed on substrates thatprovide advantageously small spot size and/or advantageously largecontact angle for materials spotted on the surface. Although notlimiting to the present invention, it is believed that, in anembodiment, the present polymer can provide a higher density of spotswhile retaining a hydrophilic character in an aqueous environment togive solution phase reaction kinetics.

The present polymer can include a substantial amount of monomer ormonomers including uncharged polar moieties other than primary amide.The uncharged polar moiety other than primary amide can be in thepolymer backbone or a group pendant from the polymer backbone. In anembodiment, the polymer can be a copolymer including additionalmonomers. In an embodiment, the polymer can include one or more monomerswith one or more reactive groups, e.g., thermochemically reactive,photochemically reactive, or like reactive groups.

An embodiment of a polymer including: a substantial amount of monomer ormonomers including uncharged polar moieties other than primary amide;optional additional monomers (without uncharged polar moiety other thanprimary amide); and monomer with one or more reactive groups, e.g.,thermochemically reactive, photochemically reactive, or like reactivegroups can be represented, for example, by Formula A:

In Formula A: Each [ ] moiety represents a monomer present in thepolymer, which can be present in any order, randomly, or as blocks. EachR^(S) is independently H or CH₃. Each of a, b, c, d, e, and f isindependently 1-6, 1-3, or 2 or 3.

Each X and Z is independently an uncharged polar moiety other thanprimary amide.

X can be, for example, —CO—NHR, —CO—NR¹R², —COOR, —OR, —S(O)(O)(R),—R¹R²N—O, —NR¹R², —R¹CO(N—)R², —NCOOR, polyethylene glycol, or the like;in which each of R, R¹, or R² can independently be alkyl or substitutedalkyl (e.g., lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl), cyclic alkyl,substituted cyclic alkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl,heteroaryl, or the like. R¹ and R² can be joined to form a cyclic alkylor aryl moiety. For example, each of R, R¹, or R² can independently bemethyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, octyl, —CH₂OC₄H₉, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂OH,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, or the like. NR¹R² can be acyclic amine, such as morpholine, an aromatic amine, such as pyridine, alactam, such as caprolactam or pyrrolidone, or the like.

Z can be, for example, O, NH, NR, or the like.

Each Y is independently a group that is a primary amide or is not apolar uncharged moiety. Y can be, for example, alkyl, aryl, methylene,primary amide, or the like.

Each A is independently a reactive group (e.g., a thermochemicallyreactive group of a photoreactive group). Suitable reactive groups aredescribed hereinbelow. One or more reactive groups can be employed, forexample, to immobilize a molecule on a surface.

In Formula A, each of m, n, o, p, q, and r represents the mole fractionof the corresponding monomer in the polymer, and m+n represents asubstantial mole fraction. For example, m+n can be about 40 to about 99mol-%, about 40 to about 90 mol-%, about 40 to about 85 mol-%, about 60to about 99 mol-%, about 60 to about 90 mol-%, about 60 to about 85mol-%, about 75 to about 99 mol-%, about 75 to about 90 mol-%, about 75to about 85 mol-%, about 85 to about 99 mol-%, or about 85 to about 90mol-%. By way of further example, m+n can be about 40 mol-%, about 45mol-%, about 50 mol-%, about 55 mol-%, about 60 mol-%, about 65 mol-%,about 70 mol-%, about 75 mol-%, about 80 mol-%, about 85 mol-%, about 90mol-%, or about 95 mol-% monomer including an uncharged polar moietyother than primary amide. The present polymer can include any of theseranges or amounts not modified by about or any of these quantitiesindividually.

One or more of o, p, or q can be zero.

In certain embodiments, r can be about 0.2 to about 30 mol-%, about 1 toabout 25 mol-%, about 2.5 to about 25 mol-%, about 5 to about 20 mol-%,or about 5 to about 15 mol-%. The present polymer can include any ofthese ranges or amounts not modified by about or any of these quantitiesindividually.

Suitable polymer backbones including uncharged polar moieties other thanprimary amide include polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol,polypropylene glycol), substituted polyalkyleneimines (e.g., substitutedpolyethyleneimine), and the like.

Suitable pendant uncharged polar moieties other than primary amideinclude, for example, substituted amide, ester, ether, sulfone, amineoxide, and the like. Suitable backbones for pendant uncharged polarmoieties other than primary amide include alkyl, branched alkyl,polyether, and polyamine backbones, which can be formed from monomerssuch as vinyl monomers, acrylate ester monomers, secondary and tertiaryacrylamide monomers, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol,substituted polyethyleneimine, and the like.

In an embodiment, the present polymer includes a substantial amount ofone or more monomers including an uncharged polar moiety other thanprimary amide such as: N-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedacrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedmethacrylamide, or mixture thereof; such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide,N,N-diethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-t-butylacrylamide,N-octylacrylamide, N-cyclohexylacrylamide, N-phenylacrylamide,N-benzylacrylamide, N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)acrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide,N—(CH₂OH)acrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide, N-methylmethacrylamide,N-ethylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide,N,N-diethylmethacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine,N-methacryloylmorpholine, N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)methacrylamide,N—(CH₂CH₂OH)methacrylamide, N—(CH₂OH)methacrylamide, mixtures thereof,or the like; hydroxyalkylacrylate (e.g., hydroxyethylacrylate),hydroxyalkylmethacrylate (e.g., hydroxyethylmethacrylate), alkyl or arylacrylate, alkyl or aryl methacrylate, ethoxyethoxyethylacrylate,polypropyleneglycolmonomethacrylate, mixtures thereof, or the like;vinylpyrrolidone, vinylcaprolactam, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide,vinylmethylether, 2-vinylpyridine-N-oxide, vinylmethylsulfone, mixturesthereof, or the like; ethyleneglycol, ethyleneimine, PEG derivative ofmonomethacrylate (e.g., PEG 200, 400, or 1000), mixtures thereof, or thelike; any of various aminimides or mixtures thereof; mixtures thereof,or the like.

In an embodiment, the present polymer includes a substantial amount ofone or more monomers including an uncharged polar moiety other thanprimary amide such as: N-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedacrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedmethacrylamide, or mixture thereof; such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide,N,N-diethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-t-butylacrylamide,N-octylacrylamide, N-cyclohexylacrylamide, N-phenylacrylamide,N-benzylacrylamide, N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)acrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide,N—(CH₂OH)acrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide, N-methylmethacrylamide,N-ethylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide,N,N-diethylmethacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine,N-methacryloylmorpholine, N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)methacrylamide,N—(CH₂CH₂OH)methacrylamide, N—(CH₂OH)methacrylamide, mixtures thereof,or the like; alkyl or aryl acrylate, alkyl or aryl methacrylate,ethoxyethoxyethylacrylate, polypropyleneglycolmonomethacrylate, mixturesthereof, or the like; vinylcaprolactam, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide,vinylmethylether, 2-vinylpyridine-N-oxide, vinylmethylsulfone, mixturesthereof, or the like; ethyleneimine, PEG derivative of monomethacrylate(e.g., PEG 200, 400, or 1000), mixtures thereof, or the like; any ofvarious aminimides or mixtures thereof; mixtures thereof, or the like.

In an embodiment, the present polymer includes poly-(2-ethyloxazolene)(i.e. acetylated polyethyleneimine), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP),polyvinylcaprolactam, PVP-co-vinylacetate,polypropyleneglycolmonomethacrylate, or the like.

In an embodiment, the present polymer includes a substantial amount ofN-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substitutedmethacrylamide, N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof.Such a substituted acrylamide can include, for example,N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide,N-t-butylacrylamide, N-octylacrylamide, N-cyclohexylacrylamide,N-phenylacrylamide, N-benzylacrylamide, N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)acrylamide,N—(CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide, N—(CH₂OH)acrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide,N-methylmethacrylamide, N-ethylmethacrylamide,N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, N,N-diethylmethacrylamide,N-acryloylmorpholine, N-methacryloylmorpholine,N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)methacrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂OH)methacrylamide,N—(CH₂OH)methacrylamide, mixtures thereof, or the like.

In an embodiment, the present polymer includes a substantial amount ofN,N-dimethylacrylamide. In an embodiment, the present polymer includespoly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). In an embodiment, thepoly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) is a copolymer including monomers with oneor more thermochemically reactive groups, one or more photoreactivegroups, or both. In an embodiment, the present dimethylacrylamidecontaining polymer can also include one or more thermochemicallyreactive groups, one or more photoreactive groups, or both. Thethermochemically reactive group can be suitable, for example, forforming a covalent bond with a corresponding functional group of abiomolecule. The photoreactive group can be suitable, for example, forattaching the polymer to a surface. The present dimethylacrylamidecontaining polymer can be a copolymer.

The present polymer includes a substantial amount of monomer includingan uncharged polar moiety other than primary amide. In an embodiment,the present polymer includes at least about 40 mol-% of the monomerincluding an uncharged polar moiety other than primary amide. Forexample, the present polymer can include monomer including an unchargedpolar moiety other than primary amide at about 40 to about 99 mol-%,about 40 to about 90 mol-%, about 40 to about 85 mol-%, about 60 toabout 99 mol-%, about 60 to about 90 mol-%, about 60 to about 85 mol-%,about 75 to about 99 mol-%, about 75 to about 90 mol-%, about 75 toabout 85 mol-%, about 85 to about 99 mol-%, or about 85 to about 90mol-%. By way of further example, the present polymer can include about40 mol-%, about 45 mol-%, about 50 mol-%, about 55 mol-%, about 60mol-%, about 65 mol-%, about 70 mol-%, about 75 mol-%, about 80 mol-%,about 85 mol-%, about 90 mol-%, or about 95 mol-% monomer including anuncharged polar moiety other than primary amide. The present polymer caninclude any of these ranges or amounts not modified by about or any ofthese quantities individually.

In an embodiment, the present polymer can be described by the contactangle formed by a drop on a surface coated with the polymer. Theidentity and mole fraction of the monomer or monomers includinguncharged polar moieties other than primary amide in the present polymercan be selected to provide a particular or advantageous contact angle.

Contact angle represents a known way of describing fluids on surfaces.For example, contact angle can represent wetting characteristics,cleanliness, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, or like characteristics ofa surface. Contact angle can be measured and calculated by any of avariety of known methods and apparatus. For example, contact angles havebeen measured for the present polymers with a Krüss DSA10 MK 2goniometer (Krüss, Hamburg, Germany). From the measurement provided by agoniometer, contact angle can be calculated, for example, using theFowkes method. This can be accomplished with a software package, such asthat included with the Krüss goniometer. Measuring contact angle canemploy, for example, a 3 μL sessile water drop touched to the surfaceand allowed to spread for 20 sec.

In an embodiment, the present polymer includes monomer or monomersincluding uncharged polar moieties other than primary amide of a typeand in an amount effective to provide, when coated to form a surface, asurface with contact angle of about 30° to about 60° for a sessile waterdrop. In an embodiment the present polymer is effective to provide acontact angle of about 350 to about 55°, or of about 40° to about 50°.In general, these values of contact angle refer to contact angle on aclean polymer coated surface. In an embodiment, the present polymerincludes a substantial amount of N,N-dimethylacrylamide.

In an embodiment, the present invention includes a hydrophilic copolymercomposition that can confer a contact angle of between 30° to 60° to asessile water drop on a surface coated with the polymer. The hydrophiliccopolymer can be configured to be covalently attached to a surface. Thehydrophilic copolymer can include one or more thermochemically reactivegroups, which can be configured to form covalent bonds withcorresponding functional groups on a biomolecule.

In an embodiment, the present polymer can be described by the spot sizeformed by a drop on a surface coated with the polymer. The identity andmole fraction of the monomer or monomers including uncharged polarmoieties other than primary amide in the present polymer can be selectedto provide advantageously small spot size.

A fluid can be spotted on a surface by any of a variety of methods toform, for example, an array or microarray of spots. Spots can be formedby known printing methods, such as contact printing or piezoelectricprinting. Small spot size can allow more spots per unit area on thesurface.

In an embodiment, the present polymer includes monomer or monomersincluding uncharged polar moieties other than primary amide of a typeand in an amount effective to provide, when coated to form a surface,spot size of less than about 100 μm, about 20 to about 100 μm, or about40 to about 80 μm. In an embodiment, the present polymer is effective toprovide a surface with spot density of greater than about 2,500 spotsper cm², or a spot density of greater than about 20,000 spots per cm².In an embodiment, the present polymer is effective to provide a surfacewith spot size only about 70% or even only about 60% the size of spotsof the same reagent spotted on conventional more hydrophilic polymersurfaces. In an embodiment, the present polymer is effective to formsmaller spots and to maintain increased or acceptable signal to noiseratio, compared to reagent spotted on conventional more hydrophilicpolymer surfaces. For example, the present polymer can provide increasedsignal with the same background. In an embodiment, the present polymerincludes a substantial amount of N,N-dimethylacrylamide.

In an embodiment, the present polymer can be described by its solubilityin one or more organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or alcoholand, optionally, water. In an embodiment, the present polymer includesmonomer or monomers including uncharged polar moieties other thanprimary amide of a type and in an amount effective to provide solubilityin THF or alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol) and,optionally, water. In an embodiment, the present polymer includesmonomer or monomers including uncharged polar moieties other thanprimary amide of a type and in an amount effective to provide solubilityin THF. In an embodiment, the present polymer is soluble in an alcohol,such as isopropanol, methanol, or ethanol, or the like. In contrast,conventional polyacrylamide based polymers are not particularly solublein THF. Solubility can be determined by any of a variety of knownmethods, such as dissolving a particular amount of the polymer in aparticular volume of solvent.

More About Polymers

The present polymer can be a synthetic polymer, such as a copolymer,resulting from, for example, addition, condensation, or free radicalpolymerization. A polymer according to the present invention can alsoinclude one or more monomers with one or more reactive groups, e.g.,thermochemically reactive, photochemically reactive, like reactivegroups, or mixtures thereof. Suitable additional monomers and reactivegroups are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,653 and 6,465,178 and inU.S. Published Patent Application 20030113792 (Ser. No. 09/521,545), thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In an embodiment, the present polymers are capable of bearing thedesired number and type of thermochemically reactive groups, andoptionally photogroups, the combination dependent upon the reagentselected. The polymeric backbone can be selected to provide a spacerbetween the surface and the thermochemically reactive groups. In thismanner, the reagent can be bonded to a surface or to an adjacent reagentmolecule and can provide the other groups with sufficient freedom ofmovement to demonstrate suitable activity. In an embodiment, the polymeris biologically inert, e.g., it does not provide a biological functionthat is inconsistent with, or detrimental to, their use in the mannerdescribed.

Compositions of the invention can carry one or more pendent latentreactive groups covalently bound to the polymer backbone. Photoreactivegroups are defined herein, and exemplary groups are sufficiently stableto be stored under conditions in which they retain such properties asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,582, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference. Latent reactive groups can be chosenthat are responsive to various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum,with those responsive to ultraviolet and visible portions of thespectrum (referred to herein as “photoreactive”) being typical.

Photoreactive groups respond to specific applied external stimuli toundergo active specie generation with resultant covalent bonding to anadjacent chemical structure, e.g., as provided by the same or adifferent molecule. Photoreactive groups are those groups of atoms in amolecule that retain their covalent bonds unchanged under conditions ofstorage but that, upon activation by an external energy source (e.g.,light), form covalent bonds with other molecules. The photoreactivegroup can generate active species such as free radicals and particularlynitrenes, carbenes, and excited states of ketones upon absorption ofelectromagnetic energy. Photoreactive groups can be chosen to beresponsive to various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, andphotoreactive groups that are responsive to e.g., ultraviolet andvisible portions of the spectrum, are typical and may be referred toherein occasionally as “photochemical group” or “photogroup”.

Photoreactive aryl ketones can be used, such as acetophenone,benzophenone, quinone, anthraquinone, anthrone, and anthrone-likeheterocycles (i.e., heterocyclic analogs of anthrone such as thosehaving N, O, or S in the 10-position), or their substituted (e.g., ringsubstituted) derivatives. In an embodiment, the functional groups ofsuch ketones are used since they are readily capable of undergoing theactivation/inactivation/reactivation cycle described herein. In oneembodiment, benzophenone is used as a photoreactive moiety, since it iscapable of photochemical excitation with the initial formation of anexcited singlet state that undergoes intersystem crossing to the tripletstate. The excited triplet state can insert into carbon-hydrogen bondsby abstraction of a hydrogen atom (from a substrate, for example), thuscreating a radical pair. Subsequent collapse of the radical pair leadsto formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. If a reactive bond (e.g.,carbon-hydrogen) is not available for bonding, the ultravioletlight-induced excitation of the benzophenone group is reversible and themolecule returns to ground state energy level upon removal of the energysource. Photoactivatible aryl ketones such as benzophenone andacetophenone can be used inasmuch as these groups are subject tomultiple reactivation in water and hence provide increased coatingefficiency.

The azides constitute a class of photoreactive groups and includearylazides (C₆R₅N₃) such as phenyl azide and particularly4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide, acyl azides (—CO—N₃) such as benzoyl azideand p-methylbenzoyl azide, azido formates (—CO—N₃) such as ethylazidoformate, phenyl azidoformate, sulfonyl azides (—SO₂—N₃) such asbenzenesulfonyl azide, and phosphoryl azides (RO)₂ PON₃ such as diphenylphosphoryl azide and diethyl phosphoryl azide. Diazo compoundsconstitute another class of photoreactive groups and includediazoalkanes (—CHN₂) such as diazomethane and diphenyldiazomethane,diazoketones (—CO—CHN₂) such as diazoacetophenone and1-trifluoromethyl-1-diazo-2-pentanone, diazoacetates (—O—CO—CHN₂) suchas t-butyl diazoacetate and phenyl diazoacetate, andbeta-keto-alpha-diazoacetates (—CO—CN₂—CO—O—) such as t-butyl alphadiazoacetoacetate. Other photoreactive groups include the diazirines(—CHN₂) such as 3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyldiazirine, and ketenes(—CH═C═O) such as ketene and diphenylketene. In an embodiment, thephotochemically reactive group includes acetophenone, benzophenone,quinone, anthraquinone, anthrone, heterocyclic analog of anthrone, ormixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the photochemically reactive groupincludes a photoreactive aryl ketone.

Upon activation of the photoreactive groups, the polymer composition iscovalently bound to the material surface by covalent bonds throughresidues of the photoreactive groups. Exemplary photoreactive groups,and their residues upon activation, are listed in Table A.

TABLE A Photoreactive Group Residue Functionality aryl azides amineR—NH—R′ acyl azides amide R—CO—NH—R′ azidoformates carbamateR—O—CO—NH—R′ sulfonyl azides sulfonamide R—SO₂—NH—R′ phosphoryl azidesphosphoramide (RO)₂PO—NH—R′ diazoalkanes new C—C bond diazoketones newC—C bond and ketone diazoacetates new C—C bond and esterbeta-keto-alpha- new C—C bond and diazoacetates beta-ketoester aliphaticazo new C—C bond diazirines new C—C bond ketenes new C—C bondphotoactivated new C—C bond and alcohol ketones

Any of a variety of known thermochemically reactive groups are suitableto provide covalent immobilization of a biomolecule, such as anappropriately derivatized nucleic acid. For example, an aminoderivatized nucleic acid sequence can undergo a covalent couplingreaction with an activated ester such as an N-oxysuccinimide (NOS) esterto provide an amide linking group. Similar activated esters such asp-nitrophenyl and pentafluorophenyl esters can also provide amide linkswhen reacted with amine groups. The present invention can also employany of numerous other amine-reactive functional groups such asisocyanates, thioisocyanates, carboxylic acid chlorides, epoxides,aldehydes, alkyl halides and sulfonate esters, such as mesylate,tosylate and tresylate, each of which could serve as thethermochemically reactive group. Suitable thermochemically reactivegroups include esters (e.g., NOS), epoxide, azlactone, activatedhydroxyl, and maleimide groups. In an embodiment, the thermochemicallyreactive group includes NOS, epoxide, aldehyde, isothiocyanate, ormixtures thereof.

In an embodiment, the biomolecule (e.g., nucleic acid) can bederivatized with a sulfhydryl group using techniques well known in theart. The corresponding thermochemically reactive group can be, forexample, a maleimide ring structure or an α-iodoacetamide. Either ofthese structures can react readily to provide a covalent linkage withthe sulfhydryl derivatized nucleic acid sequence.

In another embodiment the polymer composition can contain epoxidegroups, such as glycidyl methacrylate, as the thermochemically reactivegroup. In this embodiment, a biomolecule (e.g., DNA) is not required tobe derivatized with a corresponding functional group.

The functionalized polymers of this invention can be prepared byappropriate derivatization of a preformed polymer or by polymerizationof a set of comonomers to give the desired substitution pattern. Thelatter approach allows easily changing the ratio of the variouscomonomers and the ability to control the level of incorporation intothe polymer. A combination of these two approaches can also be used toprovide advantageous structures.

In an embodiment, for instance, monomers can be prepared having apolymerizable group at one end of the molecule, separated by a spacergroup from a photoreactive or thermochemically reactive group at theother end. For example, polymerizable vinyl groups such as acrylamides,acrylates, or maleimides can be coupled through a short hydrocarbonspacer to an activated ester such as a NOS ester or to a photoreactivegroup such as a substituted benzophenone. These compounds can beprepared and purified using known techniques of organic synthesis.

Polymers and copolymers can be prepared from the above monomers as well,using known techniques. For example, these monomers and comonomersundergo free radical polymerization using known azo initiators such asazobis(2-methyl-butyronitrile) (Vazo-67) or redox reagents forinitiation using known redox reagents, such as N,N-diethylaniline andbenzoyl peroxide or the like, to make the desired copolymers. Other freeradical generation methods are known and can be used. The monomersselected for the polymerization are chosen based on the nature of thefinal polymer product. For example, a photoreactive polymer containing aNOS group can be prepared from a monomer containing the photoreactivegroup and a second monomer containing the activated NOS ester.

The composition of the final polymer can be controlled by the mole ratioof the monomers charged to the polymerization reaction. Typicallymonomers including reactive groups are used at a lower mole percentageof total monomers than the monomer including an uncharged polar moietyother than primary amide. Based on the relative reactivities of themonomers used, the distribution of the monomers along the backbone canbe largely random.

The present polymer can include one or more thermochemically reactivegroups, one or more photoreactive groups, or a mixture thereof. Incertain embodiments, the present polymer includes a thermochemicallyreactive group and/or a photoreactive group at about 0.2 to about 30mol-%, about 1 to about 25 mol-%, about 2.5 to about 25 mol-%, about 5to about 20 mol-%, or about 5 to about 15 mol-%. The present polymer caninclude any of these ranges or amounts not modified by about or any ofthese quantities individually.

Polymer Coated Surfaces

In an embodiment, the present invention can provide a surface suitablefor immobilizing a biomolecule, such as a nucleic acid. Immobilizing abiomolecule can employ a reactive group, such as a thermochemicallyreactive group of the polymer. For example, the surface of the materialto be coated can include one or more thermochemically reactive groups,which can be used to immobilize an embodiment of the present polymerincluding one or more thermochemically reactive groups. Suitablethermochemically reactive groups include activated esters (e.g., NOS),epoxide, azlactone, activated hydroxyl, and maleimide.

The surface can be treated to accept polymer groups by any of a varietyof known methods. For example, the surface can be treated with anammonia plasma to introduce reactive amines onto the surface. In anembodiment, the amine surface can be treated with an embodiment of thepresent polymer including, for example, thermochemically reactive groups(e.g., NOS groups). The polymer can be immobilized through reaction ofthe NOS groups with corresponding amine groups on the surface. Thereactive groups on the polymer can be in excess relative to the reactivegroups on the surface. Such excess can insure that a sufficient numberof the polymer thermochemically reactive groups remain followingimmobilization to allow coupling to a biomolecule.

In an embodiment, immobilizing a biomolecule on a surface can employ areactive group, such as a thermochemically reactive group of thepolymer. For example, the surface of the material to be coated caninclude one or more groups that can react with the photochemicallyreactive group on the polymer. Suitable photochemical groups aredescribed hereinabove.

The present polymer composition can be immobilized on the surface of aslide. The slide can be stably stored and used at a later date toprepare microarrays. In an embodiment, coupling of a biomolecule to thesurface can take place at pH 7-9 in a humid environment followingprinting the DNA solution in the form of small spots.

Slides or activated slides of the present invention are particularlywell suited to replace conventional (e.g., silylated) glass slides inthe preparation of microarrays using known manufacturing or processingprotocols, reagents, or equipment. Suitable commercially availableequipment and protocols include micro-spotting robots (e.g., asavailable from Apogent Discoveries, Hudson, N.H.), chipmakermicro-spotting devices (e.g., as available from TeleChem International,Sunnyvale, Calif.).

The methods and compositions of the present invention can provide asubstrate, such as a glass slide (e.g., an activated glass slide). Sucha slide can be configured for including or fabricating a microarray. Thesubstrate can have a surface including one or more microarrays. Eachmicroarray can include at least about 100/cm² (and preferably at leastabout 2,500/cm²) distinct bound biomolecules (e.g., polynucleotides orpolypeptides). Each distinct bound biomolecule can be disposed at aseparate, defined position in the array and can be deposited in avolume, for example, in the range of about 0.01 nL to about 100 nL. Forexample, the slide can be configured to receive sample in an amount oftwenty nanoliters or less.

The regions (e.g., discrete spots) within the array can be generallycircular in shape and can be separated from one another, for example, byabout their largest diameter. A plurality of bound biomolecules can beprovided, such that each region includes a single, and preferablydifferent, bound biomolecule. In an embodiment, the spots are generallycircular in shape, have a diameter of about 20 microns to about 100microns, and are separated from other spots in the array by center tocenter spacing of about 40 microns to about 120 microns.

In an embodiment, the biomolecule includes a nucleic acid. The nucleicacid can be immobilized on the surface of a substrate such as plastic,silicon hydride, or organosilane-pretreated glass or silicon slide.

The present polymers can be employed for immobilizing any of a varietyof biomolecules. The biomolecule can be unmodified or modified with afunctional group to aid in immobilization. Suitable biomolecules includemodified or unmodified oligo and polynucleotides (e.g., DNA or RNA),such as plasmid DNA, cosmid DNA, bacteriophage DNA, genomic DNA(including yeast, viral, bacterial, mammalian, insect, or like genomicDNA), cDNA, peptide nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrate, peptide, cell,tissue, and the like. In an embodiment, the biomolecule includespolypeptide or nucleic acid.

The biomolecule can optionally be functionalized or modified by any of avariety of known methods. For example, during synthesis, biomolecules,such as oligonucleotides or nucleic acids, can be prepared withfunctional groups such as amines or sulfhydryl groups in order to bereactive to NOS groups in the polymer composition. In an embodiment, thebiomolecule includes a nucleic acid that includes an amine group, asulfhydryl group, or a mixture thereof.

The present invention provides a method and polymer composition forcovalent attachment of bio- or other molecules onto the surface of asubstrate, such as slides formed of organosilane-preteated glass,organosilane-pretreated silicon, silicon hydride, or plastic. Silanetreatment of the substrate surface, before the polymer composition isapplied, can follow any of the procedures well known in the art. In anembodiment, the method and polymer composition can immobilize nucleicacid probes onto plastic materials such as microwell plates, e.g., foruse in hybridization assays. In an embodiment, the method and polymercomposition are adapted for use with substantially flat or moldedsurfaces, such as those provided by organosilane-pretreated glass,organosilane-pretreated silicon, silicon hydride, or plastic (e.g.,polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, orpolypropylene). The polymer composition can then be used to covalentlyattach a probe molecule such as a biomolecule (e.g., a nucleic acid)which in turn can be used for specific binding reactions (e.g., tohybridize a nucleic acid to a biomolecule).

Substrates (e.g., slides, microspheres, microbeads, and polymermembranes) can be prepared from a variety of materials, including butnot limited to plastic materials selected from the group consisting ofcrystalline thermoplastics (e.g., high and low density polyethylenes,polypropylenes, acetal resins, nylons, and thermoplastic polyesters) andamorphous thermoplastics (e.g., polycarbonates, polystyrene, andpoly(methyl methacrylates) and glass. In an embodiment, suitable plasticor glass materials can provide a desired combination of such propertiesas rigidity, surface uniformity, resistance to long term deformation,and resistance to thermal degradation.

The present invention includes methods of making and using polymercompositions, substrates coated with the polymer compositions, andmicroarrays on the coated substrates. Methods of making the polymercompositions can include any of a variety of conventional polymersynthesis procedures. The present methods typically employ the monomerincluding uncharged polar moiety other than primary amide and a monomerincluding a reactive group. Specific embodiments of methods of makingcertain of the present polymer compositions are detailed in theexamples.

Coating the present polymer compositions on a substrate can employ anyof a variety of known coating techniques. During or after coating, thepolymer composition can be immobilized on the substrate. For example,using a thermochemically reactive group, the present polymer compositioncan be immobilized on the substrate by heating. For example, using aphotochemically reactive group, the present polymer composition can beimmobilized on the substrate by exposing to electromagnetic radiation,such as light. Methods for immobilizing polymers on substrates withthermochemically or photochemically reactive groups are known.

The polymer coated substrate can be treated with biomolecule. Thebiomolecule can be immobilized in a spot on the substrate, for example,using thermochemically or photochemically reactive groups and usingmodified or unmodified biomolecule. Immobilizing typically includescovalent bonding between the reactive group and one or more functionalgroups on the biomolecule.

The present invention may be better understood with reference to thefollowing examples. These examples are intended to be representative ofspecific embodiments of the invention, and are not intended as limitingthe scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight. Structures ofthe various “Compounds” identified throughout these Examples can befound in Table 1 included below. NMR analyses were run on a 80 Mhzspectrometer unless otherwise stated.

TABLE 1 Compounds

Example 1 Preparation of 4-Benzoylbenzoyl Chloride (BBA-C1) (Compound I)

4-Benzoylbenzoic acid (BBA), 1.0 kg (4.42 moles), was added to a dry 5liter Morton flask equipped with reflux condenser and overhead stirrer,followed by the addition of 645 ml (8.84 moles) of thionyl chloride and725 ml of toluene. Dimethylformamide, 3.5 ml, was then added and themixture was heated at reflux for 4 hours. After cooling, the solventswere removed under reduced pressure and the residual thionyl chloridewas removed by three evaporations using 3×500 ml of toluene. The productwas recrystallized from 1:4 toluene:hexane to give 988 g (91% yield)after drying in a vacuum oven. Product melting point was 92-94° C.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis (¹H NMR (CDCl₃)) wasconsistent with the desired product: aromatic protons 7.20-8.25 (m, 9H).All chemical shift values are in ppm downfield from a tetramethylsilaneinternal standard. The final compound was stored for use in thepreparation of a monomer used in the synthesis of Compound III.

Example 2 Preparation of N-(3-Aminopropyl)methacrylamide Hydrochloride(APMA-HCL) (Compound II)

A solution of 1,3-diaminopropane, 1910 g (25.77 moles), in 1000 ml ofCH₂Cl₂ was added to a 12 liter Morton flask and cooled on an ice bath. Asolution of t-butyl phenyl carbonate, 1000 g (5.15 moles), in 250 ml ofCH₂Cl₂ was then added dropwise at a rate which kept the reactiontemperature below 15° C. Following the addition, the mixture was warmedto room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with 900 ml of CH₂Cl₂ and 500 g of ice, followed by the slowaddition of 2500 ml of 2.2 N NaOH. After testing to insure the solutionwas basic, the product was transferred to a separatory funnel and theorganic layer was removed and set aside as extract #1. The aqueousportion was then extracted with 3×1250 ml of CH₂Cl₂, keeping eachextraction as a separate fraction. The four organic extracts were thenwashed successively with a single 1250 ml portion of 0.6 N NaOHbeginning with fraction #1 and proceeding through fraction #4. This washprocedure was repeated a second time with a fresh 1250 ml portion of 0.6N NaOH. The organic extracts were then combined and dried over Na₂SO₄.Filtration and evaporation of solvent to a constant weight gave 825 g ofN-mono-t-BOC-1,3-diaminopropane which was used without furtherpurification.

A solution of methacrylic anhydride, 806 g (5.23 moles), in 1020 ml ofCHCl₃ was placed in a 12 liter Morton flask equipped with overheadstirrer and cooled on an ice bath. Phenothiazine, 60 mg, was added as aninhibitor, followed by the dropwise addition ofN-mono-t-BOC-1,3-diaminopropane, 825 g (4.73 moles), in 825 ml of CHCl₃.The rate of addition was controlled to keep the reaction temperaturebelow 10° C. at all times. After the addition was complete, the ice bathwas removed and the mixture was left to stir overnight. The product wasdiluted with 2400 ml of water and transferred to a separatory funnel.After thorough mixing, the aqueous layer was removed and the organiclayer was washed with 2400 ml of 2 N NaOH, insuring that the aqueouslayer was basic. The organic layer was then dried over Na₂SO₄ andfiltered to remove drying agent. A portion of the CHCl₃ solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure until the combined weight of the productand solvent was approximately 3000 g. The desired product was thenprecipitated by slow addition of 11.0 liters of hexane to the stirredCHCl₃ solution, followed by overnight storage at 4° C. The product wasisolated by filtration and the solid was rinsed twice with a solventcombination of 900 ml of hexane and 150 ml of CHCl₃. Thorough drying ofthe solid gave 900 g ofN-[3-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonylamino)-propyl]-methacrylamide, m.p. 85.8°C. by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter). Analysis on an NMRspectrometer was consistent with the desired product: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)amide NH's 6.30-6.80, 4.55-5.10 (m, 2H), vinyl protons 5.65, 5.20 (m,2H), methylenes adjacent to N 2.90-3.45 (m, 4H), methyl 1.95 (m, 3H),remaining methylene 1.50-1.90 (m, 2H), and t-butyl 1.40 (s, 9H).

A 3-neck, 2 liter round bottom flask was equipped with an overheadstirrer and gas sparge tube. Methanol, 700 ml, was added to the flaskand cooled on an ice bath. While stirring, HCl gas was bubbled into thesolvent at a rate of approximately 5 liters/minute for a total of 40minutes. The molarity of the final HCl/MeOH solution was determined tobe 8.5 M by titration with 1 N NaOH using phenolphthalein as anindicator. TheN-[3-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonylamino)-propyl]-methacrylamide, 900 g (3.71moles), was added to a 5 liter Morton flask equipped with an overheadstirrer and gas outlet adapter, followed by the addition of 1150 ml ofmethanol solvent. Some solids remained in the flask with this solventvolume. Phenothiazine, 30 mg, was added as an inhibitor, followed by theaddition of 655 ml (5.57 moles) of the 8.5 M HCl/MeOH solution. Thesolids slowly dissolved with the evolution of gas but the reaction wasnot exothermic. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature toinsure complete reaction. Any solids were then removed by filtration andan additional 30 mg of phenothiazine were added. The solvent was thenstripped under reduced pressure and the resulting solid residue wasazeotroped with 3×1000 ml of isopropanol with evaporation under reducedpressure. Finally, the product was dissolved in 2000 ml of refluxingisopropanol and 4000 ml of ethyl acetate were added slowly withstirring. The mixture was allowed to cool slowly and was stored at 4° C.overnight. Compound II was isolated by filtration and was dried toconstant weight, giving a yield of 630 g with a melting point of 124.7°C. by DSC. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with thedesired product: ¹H NMR (D₂O) vinyl protons 5.60, 5.30 (m, 2H),methylene adjacent to amide N 3.30 (t, 2H), methylene adjacent to amineN 2.95 (t, 2H), methyl 1.90 (m, 3H), and remaining methylene 1.65-2.10(m, 2H). The final compound was stored for use in the preparation ofCompound III.

Example 3 Preparation of N-[3-(4-Benzoylbenzamido)propyl]methacrylamide(BBA-APMA) (Compound III)

Compound II 120 g (0.672 moles), prepared according to the generalmethod described in Example 2, was added to a dry 2 liter, three-neckround bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer. Phenothiazine,23-25 mg, was added as an inhibitor, followed by 800 ml of chloroform.The suspension was cooled below 10° C. on an ice bath and 172.5 g (0.705moles) of Compound I, prepared according to the general method describedin Example 1, were added as a solid. Triethylamine, 207 ml (1.485moles), in 50 ml of chloroform was then added dropwise over a 1-1.5 hourtime period. The ice bath was removed and stirring at ambienttemperature was continued for 2.5 hours. The product was then washedwith 600 ml of 0.3 N HCl and 2×300 ml of 0.07 N HCl. After drying oversodium sulfate, the chloroform was removed under reduced pressure andthe product was recrystallized twice from 4:1 toluene:chloroform using23-25 mg of phenothiazine in each recrystallization to preventpolymerization. Typical yields of Compound III were 90% with a meltingpoint of 147-151° C. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent withthe desired product: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) aromatic protons 7.20-7.95 (m, 9H),amide NH 6.55 (broad t, 1H), vinyl protons 5.65, 5.25 (m, 2II),methylene adjacent to amide N's 3.20-3.60 (m, 4H), methyl 1.95 (s, 3H),and remaining methylene 1.50-2.00 (m, 2H). The final compound was storedfor use in the synthesis of photoactivatable polymers as described, forinstance, in Examples 5 and 6.

Example 4 Preparation of N-Succinimidyl 6-Maleimidohexanoate(MAL-EAC-NOS) (Compound IV)

A functionalized monomer was prepared in the following manner, and wasused as described in Examples 5 and 6 to introduce activated estergroups on the backbone of a polymer. 6-Aminohexanoic acid, 100 g (0.762moles), was dissolved in 300 ml of acetic acid in a three-neck, 3 literflask equipped with an overhead stirrer and drying tube. Maleicanhydride, 78.5 g (0.801 moles), was dissolved in 200 ml of acetic acidand added to the 6-aminohexanoic acid solution. The mixture was stirredone hour while heating on a boiling water bath, resulting in theformation of a white solid. After cooling overnight at room temperature,the solid was collected by filtration and rinsed with 2×50 ml of hexane.After drying, the typical yield of the (Z)-4-oxo-5-azaundec-2-enedioicacid was 158-165 g (90-95%) with a melting point of 160-165° C. Analysison an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) amide proton 8.65-9.05 (m, 1H), vinyl protons 6.10, 6.30 (d,2H), methylene adjacent to nitrogen 2.85-3.25 (m, 2H), methyleneadjacent to carbonyl 2.15 (t, 2H), and remaining methylenes 1.00-1.75(m, 6H).

(Z)-4-oxo-5-azaundec-2-enedioic acid, 150.0 g (0.654 moles), aceticanhydride, 68 ml (73.5 g, 0.721 moles), and phenothiazine, 500 mg, wereadded to a 2 liter three-neck round bottom flask equipped with anoverhead stirrer. Triethylamine, 91 ml (0.653 moles), and 600 ml of THFwere added and the mixture was heated to reflux while stirring. After atotal of 4 hours of reflux, the dark mixture was cooled to about 60° C.and poured into a solution of 250 ml of 12 N HCl in 3 liters of water.The mixture was stirred 3 hours at room temperature and then wasfiltered through a filtration pad (Celite 545, J. T. Baker, Jackson,Tenn.) to remove solids. The filtrate was extracted with 4×500 ml ofchloroform and the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulfate.After adding 15 mg of phenothiazine to prevent polymerization, thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure. The 6-maleimidohexanoic acidwas recrystallized from 2:1 hexane:chloroform to give typical yields of76-83 g (55-60%) with a melting point of 81-85° C. Analysis on a NMRspectrometer was consistent with the desired product: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)maleimide protons 6.55 (s, 2H), methylene adjacent to nitrogen 3.40 (t,2H), methylene adjacent to carbonyl 2.30 (t, 2H), and remainingmethylenes 1.05-1.85 (m, 6H).

The 6-maleimidohexanoic acid, 20.0 g (94.7 mmol), was dissolved in 100ml of chloroform under an argon atmosphere, followed by the addition of41 ml (0.47 mol) of oxalyl chloride. After stirring for 2 hours at roomtemperature, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure with 4×25 mlof additional chloroform used to remove the last of the excess oxalylchloride. The acid chloride was dissolved in 100 ml of chloroform,followed by the addition of 12 g (0.104 mol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide and16 ml (0.114 mol) of triethylamine. After stirring overnight at roomtemperature, the product was washed with 4×100 ml of water and driedover sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave 24 g of product (82%) whichwas used without further purification. Analysis on an NMR spectrometerwas consistent with the desired product: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) maleimideprotons 6.60 (s, 2H), methylene adjacent to nitrogen 3.45 (t, 2H),succinimidyl protons 2.80 (s, 4H), methylene adjacent to carbonyl 2.55(t, 2H), and remaining methylenes 1.15-2.00 (m, 6H). The final compoundwas stored for use in the synthesis of photoactivatable polymers asdescribed, for instance, in Examples 5 and 6.

Example 5 Preparation of Copolymer of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA),BBA-APMA, and MAL-EAC-NOS (Photo DMA-NOS) (Compound V_(A)) (Azo)

A photoactivatable copolymer was prepared in the following manner. DMA,41.46 g (419 mmol), Compound III, prepared according to the generalmethod described in Example 3, 1.56 g (4.5 mmol), Compound IV, preparedaccording to the general method described in Example 4, 6.88 g (22.3mmol), and azobis(2-methyl-butyronitrile) (Vazo-67) 1.4 g (7.3 mmol)were dissolved in 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF). The THF solution wasadded to a second stirred refluxing solution of Vazo 67 0.34 g (1.8mmol) in THF (50 ml) under an inert atmosphere over one hour. Thesolution was refluxed overnight with stirring under an inert atmosphere.The polymer was isolated by slow addition of the THF solution tovigorously stirred hexanes (2500 ml). The precipitated polymer productwas isolated by filtration and the filter cake was rinsed thoroughlywith 200 ml hexanes. The product was dried under vacuum at 30° C. togive 51.7 g of a white solid.

The above procedure was also used to prepare compounds V_(B)-V_(I), asshown below in Table 2 to provide between 50 and 52 g of polymerproducts.

TABLE 2 Ex- am- DMA Compound III Compound IV Vazo 67 ple Wt (g) Mole %Wt (g) Mole % Wt (g) Mole % Wt (g) V_(A) 41.56 94.00 1.56 1.00 6.88 5.001.70 V_(B) 38.65 91.50 1.49 1.00 9.86 7.50 1.60 V_(C) 35.99 89.00 1.431.00 12.58 10.00 1.60 V_(D) 40.88 93.50 2.32 1.50 6.80 5.00 1.70 V_(E)38.03 91.00 2.22 1.50 9.75 7.50 1.60 V_(F) 35.42 88.50 2.12 1.50 12.4510.00 1.50 V_(G) 40.22 93.00 3.06 2.00 6.73 5.00 1.70 V_(H) 37.43 90.502.92 2.00 9.65 7.50 1.60 V_(I) 34.87 88.00 2.80 2.00 12.33 10.00 1.50

Example 6 Preparation of Copolymer of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA),BBA-APMA, and MAL-EAC-NOS (Photo DMA-NOS) (Compound V)(Redox)

A photoactivatible copolymer was prepared in the following manner. DMA38.65 g (390 mmole); Compound III, prepared according to the generalmethod described in Example 3, 1.5 g (4.3 mmol); Compound IV, preparedaccording to the general method described in Example 4, 9.9 g (32.1mmol); and benzoyl peroxide 3.1 g (13.0 mmol) were dissolved in THF (200ml). The THF solution was added to a second stirred solution of THF (50ml) containing 1.9 g (13.0 mmol) N,N-diethylaniline under an inertatmosphere at room temperature over one hour. The solution was stirredovernight at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The polymer wasisolated by slow addition of the THF solution to vigorously stirredhexanes (2500 ml). The precipitated polymer product was isolated byfiltration and the filter cake was rinsed thoroughly with 200 mlhexanes. The product was dried under vacuum at 30° C. to give 43 g of agray solid.

Example 7 Production of Slides Coated with the Polymer (PhotoDMA-NOS)(Compound V)

Soda lime microscope glass slides (Erie Scientific, Portsmouth, N.H.)were silane treated by dipping in a mixture ofN-decyldimethylchlorosilane and p-tolyldimethylchlorosilane (UnitedChemical Technologies, Bristol, Pa.), 1% each in acetone, for oneminute. After air drying, the slides were cured in an oven at 110° C.for a minimum of 30 minutes. Slides were then washed with acetonefollowed by dipping in deionized (DI) water. Finally, the slides werefurther dried in an oven for 10 minutes at 110° C.

Silane treated slides were then coated with a polymer composition by avariation of known methods. For example Compound V (Table 2) at 2 mg/ml,was sprayed onto the silane treated slides, which was then illuminatedusing a Dymax Lamp (25 mjoule/cm² as measured at 335 nm with a 10 nmband pass filter on an International Light radiometer) while wet, washedwith deionized water, and dried. Oligonucleotides were printed on theseslides using MicroGrid II arrayer (Apogent Discoveries, Hudson, N.H.).Two oligo nucleotides were immobilized on the coated slides. Sequence ofOligo 1 was, GCC ATG TGC AGT CTG GTT CAG GTT CAT AAA and was labeledwith TAMRA (carboxytetramethylrhodamine, Integrated DNA Technologies,Inc., Coralville, Iowa) dye on 3′ end and C6 amino linker on the 5′ end.Oligo 2 was the same sequence as Oligo 1 except that it was terminatedwith Biotin on the 3′ end. Both the oligos were printed at 10 μMconcentration in 50 mM sodium phosphate butter and 0.001% sodium dodecylsulfate. Immediately after printing, slides were placed overnight in asealed sodium chloride chamber to maintain 75% relative humidity. Theprinted slides were then washed with a pre-warmed solution of 50 mMethanolamine in 0.1 M Tris, pH 9.0 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) at 45° C. for30 minutes followed by another wash in pre-warmed 0.1% N-laurylsarcosine (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) in 5×SSC (75 mM sodium citrate, 0.75 Msodium chloride) for 1.5 hours at 45° C. Finally the slides were soakedin 10 mM citrate buffer at room temperature for 15 minutes andcentrifuged to dry. Slides with Oligo 1 were scanned on GenePix 4000Bmicroarray scanner (Axon Instruments, Union City, Calif.). Slides withOligo 2 were developed in a 1:500 solution of Streptavidin-Cy5 (AmershamBiosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) prepared in TNB (10 mM Tris pH 8, 150 mMsodium chloride, 5% w/v blocking reagent) at room temperature for 30minutes. Subsequently the slides were washed 3 times in TNT (10 mM TrispH 8, 150 mM sodium chloride, 0.05% v/v Tween 20), 5 minutes each timefollowed by similar number of washes in deionized water. The slides weredried in a centrifuge and scanned on GenePix 4000B scanner.

In addition, contact angle of the spot on the substrate was measured.Contact angle data on a 3 μL sessile DI water drop was touched to thesurface and allowed to spread for 20 seconds. Contact angle data wascollected on a Krüss DSA MK2 goniometer (Krüss, Hamburg, Germany) andcalculated using the Fowkes method.

The results listed in Table 3 show that the coatings with differentcompositions of Compound V (Table 2) produce spots of diameter 55 to 58microns from oligo immobilization and signal intensity of 20,672 to29,753 fluorescent units from Oligo 1 (FIG. 1). Spot sizes measured fromslides printed with Oligo 2 were 63 to 69 microns and signal intensityof 9,938 to 12,277 fluorescent units. Contact angle from these slidesvaried between 41° and 44°. Conventional slides, for example, CodeLinkActivated slides (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) produced,under the same conditions, spots of 99 and 102 microns diameter withOligo 1 and Oligo 2 respectively. Signal intensity from these spots was21,293 and 6,760 fluorescent units from Oligo 1 and Oligo 2respectively. Contact angle was 19.8°. These results demonstrate thatthe DMA polymer backbone produces a highly desirable surface forprinting high density microarrays.

TABLE 3 Oligo 1 Oligo 2 Contact Spot Signal Intensity Signal IntensityAngle Size (Fluorescent Spot (Fluorescent Compounds (°) (μ) Units) Size(μ) Units) V_(A) 42.0 55.4 23,363.3 63.3 10,269.3 V_(B) 41.8 57.725,759.3 68.5 10,726.6 V_(C) 44.3 56.0 29,338.3 64.0  9,938.8 V_(D) 41.056.3 24,545.5 66.4 10,916.1 V_(E) 44.1 56.3 26,758.8 64.3 10,004.8 V_(F)41.5 56.4 28,042.8 68.0 10,715.8 V_(G) 41.5 57.8 27,232.3 67.9 12,277.9V_(H) 41.0 58.1 20,671.8 65.9 10,539.7 V_(I) 42.9 55.6 29,753.8 64.410,273.6 CodeLink ™ 19.8 98.9 21,293.0 101.5   6,760.5 CodeLink ™ is atrademark of Amersham BioSciences.

Example 8 Preparation of N-(3-isothiocyanatopropyl)-2-methylacrylamide(APMA-NCS) (Compound VI)

In a 500 ml round bottom flask fitted with an overhead stirrer, athermocouple, drying tube, and an addition funnel; was placed APMA-HCl(20.0 g, 112 mmole; Compound II) and chloroform (100 ml; CHCl₃). Thencarbon disulfide (9.84 g [7.46 ml], 19.2 mmole; CS₂) was added in about5 minutes; followed by the addition of triethylamine (11.32 g [15.6 ml],111.8 mmole). The reaction was cooled in an ice bath to 3 to 8° C. Tothe cooled solution was added a solution of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(25.8 g, 125.0 mmole; DCC) in CHCl₃ (40 ml) over a period of 30 minutesusing the addition funnel. The reaction was stirred using the ice bathfor 1 hour after the addition was complete. The reaction was thenstirred at room temperature over night. The solvent was removed using arotary evaporator with an air bleed. The 75.6 g residue was flashpurified using two 76.2 mm (3 in.) in diameter by 215.9 mm (8.5 in.)long silica gel columns eluted with a gradient ofacetone/chloroform-4/96 to 6/94. There were 92-50 ml fractions collectedfrom each column.

The product was found in fractions 39-92 by TLC (thin layerchromatography) (acetone/chloroform-10/90). The combined fractions wereevaporated and extracted with 3×50 ml of hexane. The solvent was removedto give 12.5 g of residue, which was flash purified again using a 76.2mm (3 in.) in diameter by 203.2 mm (8 in.) long silica gel column. Thecolumn was eluted with 72×25 ml fractions of acetone/chloroform-5/95followed by eluting fractions 73-145 (25 ml) usingacetone/chloroform-10/90. Evaporation of fractions 73-140 gave 11.5 g ofCompound VI, which was a single spot by TLC Also the analysis on a 400MHz NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) amide proton 6.37 (broad s, 1H), vinyl protons at 5.70 (s, 1H)and 5.34 (s, 1H), methylene protons adjacent to nitrogen 3.60 and 3.42(m, 4H), and the methyl protons combined with the central methyleneprotons 1.95 (m, 5H). Compound VI was used to prepare Compound VII,Comparative Compound VIII, and Compound XI.

Example 9 Preparation ofN-[3-({[(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)amino]carbonothioyl}amino)propyl]-2-methylacrlamide(DME-APMA) (Compound VII)

In a 20 ml vial was placed APMA-NCS (Compound VI) 1.93 g, 10.5 mmole;(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)amine 1.06 g, 10.0 mmole; and chloroform 7 ml. Thereaction was stirred at room temperature over night. TLC indicated thepresence of starting materials. The reaction was heated to 50° C. for 4hours. The reaction was nearly complete, and it was allowed to stir at50° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated to give 3.07 g of whitesolid. The crude product was flash purified on a 41.3 mm (1⅝ in.)diameter silica gel column 152 mm (6 in.) long. The column was elutedwith 3 L of acetone/chloroform-30/70 with 33 ml fractions. Fractions26-78 were combined and evaporated to give 2.73 g (94% of theory) ofCompound VII. Analysis on a 400 MHz NMR spectrometer was consistent withthe desired dimethoxyethyl-APMA: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) amide protons 7.23, 7.02and 6.5 (broad s, 3H); vinyl protons at 5.81 (s, 1H) and 5.37 (s, 1H);methyne proton 4.47 (t, 1H); methylene protons 3.7 (m, 2H), 3.62 (m,2H), and 3.36 (m, 2H); methoxy protons 3.42 (s, 6H); methyl proton 1.99(m, 3H); and the central methylene 1.75 (m, 2H). Compound VII was usedto prepare Comparative Compound XII and Compound XIII.

Example 10 Preparation of a Copolymer of Acrylamide, BBA-APMA, andAPMA-NCS (Photo-PA-NCS) (Comparative Compound VIII)

A photoactivatable copolymer was prepared in the following manner.Acrylamide, 0.42 g (5.92 mmol), Compound III, prepared according to thegeneral method described in Example 3, 0.016 g (0.046 mmol), CompoundVI, 0.064 g (0.347 mmol), and Vazo-67 0.014 g (0.073 mmol) weredissolved in 5.5 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF). The THF solution wassparged with helium for 4 minutes; then the reaction solution wasblanketed with nitrogen and placed in an oven at 50° to 55° C.overnight. The polymer was isolated by filtration. The solid was washedwith 2×5 ml of THF. The product was dried under vacuum at 30° C. to give0.44 g of a white solid (Comparative Compound VIII). A procedure similarto the one above was used to prepare Comparative Compound XII as shownbelow in Table 4.

Example 11 Preparation of a Copolymer of Acrylamide, BBA-APMA, andGlycidyl methacrylate (GMA) (Photo-PA-Epoxide) (Comparative Compound IX)

A photoactivatable copolymer was prepared in the following manner.Acrylamide, 14.1 g (199 mmol), Compound III, prepared according to thegeneral method described in Example 3, 0.829 g (2.37 mmol), GMA, 5.04 g(35.5 mmol), and Vazo-67 0.43 g (2.24 mmol) were dissolved in 200 ml oftetrahydrofuran (THF). The THF solution was added to a second stirredrefluxing solution of Vazo-67 0.116 g (0.60 mmol) in THF (50 ml) underan inert atmosphere over one hour. The solution was refluxed 4 hourswith stirring under an inert atmosphere. The polymer was isolated byfiltration. The solid was washed with 2×80 ml of THF. The product wasdried under vacuum at 30° C. to give 19.6 g of a white solid(Comparative Compound IX).

Example 12 Preparation of Copolymer of (DMA), BBA-APMA, and (GMA)(Photo-DMA-Epoxide) (Compound X)

A photoactivatable copolymer was prepared in the following manner. DMA,7.70 g (77.7 mmol), Compound III, prepared according to the generalmethod described in Example 3, 0.324 g (0.925 mmol), GMA (Sigma, St.Louis, Mo.) 1.97 g (13.9 mmol), Vazo-67 0.189 g (0.983 mmol) weredissolved in 68. ml of THF. The THF solution was sparged with helium for4 minutes; then the reaction solution was blanketed with nitrogen andplaced in an oven at 50° to 55° C. overnight. The polymer was isolatedby slow addition of the THF solution to vigorously stirred diethyl ether(500 ml). The precipitated polymer product was isolated by filtrationand the filter cake was rinsed thoroughly with 2×50 ml ether. Theproduct was dried under vacuum at 30° C. to give 9.6 g of a white solid(Compound X).

A procedure similar to the one above was used to prepare compoundsCompound XI, Compound XIII, and Compound XIV (Acryloylmorpholine can bepurchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) as shown below in Tables 4and 5.

Example 13 Production of Slides Coated with Dimethyl Acrylamide PolymerUsing Alternate Reactive Chemistry

Soda lime microscope glass slides (Erie Scientific, Portsmouth, N.H.)were silane treated by dipping in a mixture ofN-decyldimethylchlorosilane and p-tolyldimethylchlorosilane (UnitedChemical Technologies, Bristol, Pa.) 1% each in acetone, for one minute.After air drying, the slides were cured in an oven at 110° C. for aminimum of 30 minutes. Slides were then washed with acetone followed bydipping in DI water. Finally, the slides were further dried in an ovenfor 10 minutes at 110° C.

Silane treated slides were then coated with a polymer composition by avariation of known methods. For example, the 6 Compounds in Table 4 weresprayed at 2 mg/ml onto the silane treated slides, which were thenilluminated using a Dymax Lamp (25 mjoule/cm² as measured at 335 nm witha 10 nm band pass filter on an International Light radiometer) whilewet, washed with deionized water, and dried. Oligonucleotides wereprinted on these slides using a home made arrayer that used capillarydispensing pins (0.004″ i.d.)(Norlico Corporation, Hampton Falls, N.H.).An oligonucleotide with an amine on the 5′ and TAMRA dye on the 3′ endwas printed. The sequence was GCC ATG TGC AGT CTG GTT CAG GTT CAT AAA.The oligo was prepared at a 20 uM concentration in 50 mM sodiumphosphate buffer at pH 8.5. Immediately after printing, slides wereplaced overnight in a sealed sodium chloride chamber to maintain 75%relative humidity. The printed slides were then washed with a pre-warmedsolution of 50 mM ethanolamine in 0.1 M Tris, pH 9.0 (Sigma, St. Lois,Mo.) at 45° for 30 minutes followed by another wash in pre-warmed 0.1%N-lauryl sarcosine (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) in 5×SSC (75 mM sodiumcitrate, 0.75 M sodium chloride) for 1.5 hours at 45° C. Finally theslides were soaked in 10 mM citrate buffer at room temperature for 15minutes and centrifuged to dry. Slides were scanned on GenePix 4000Bmicroarray scanner (Axon Instruments, Union City, Calif.). Table 4summarizes the results.

TABLE 4 Monomer mole % The remainder is the backbone monomer. AldehydeSpot Monomer of the Polymer Photo (BBA- Epoxide Isothiocyanate (DME-Size Signal Intensity Compound # Backbone APMA) (GMA) (APMA-NCS) APMA)(μ) (Fluorescent Units) Comparative-VIII Acrylamide 0.72 0.00 5.50 0.00414 6004 Comparative-IX Acrylamide 1.00 15.0 0.00 0.00 329 15679  XN,N-dimethyl acrylamide 1.00 15.0 0.00 0.00 174 12068  XI N,N-dimethylacrylamide 1.00 0.00 7.50 0.00 176 5253 Comparative-XII Acrylamide 1.000.00 0.00 20.0 271 1702 XIII N,N-dimethyl acrylamide 1.00 0.00 0.00 20.0178 1422

Example 14 Production of Slides Coated with Polymer Using anAcryloylmorpholine Backbone

Soda lime microscope glass slides (Erie Scientific, Portsmouth, N.H.)were silane treated by dipping in a mixture ofN-decyldimethylchlorosilane and p-tolyldimethylchlorosilane (UnitedChemical Technologies, Bristol, Pa.) 1% each in acetone, for one minute.After air drying, the slides were cured in an oven at 110° C. for aminimum of 30 minutes. Slides were then washed with acetone followed bydipping in DI water. Finally, the slides were further dried in an ovenfor 10 minutes at 110° C.

Silane treated slides were then coated with the polymer composition by avariation of known methods. Compound XIV at 2 mg/ml, was sprayed ontothe silane treated slides, which was then illuminated using a Dymax Lamp(25 mjoule/cm as measured at 335 nm with a 10 nm band pass filter on anInternational Light radiometer) while wet, washed with deionized water,and dried. Oligonucleotides were printed on these slides using a homemade arrayer that used capillary dispensing pins 0.152 mm (0.006″) i.d.,Norlico Corporation). An oligonucleotide with an amine on the 3′ and Cy3dye on the 5′ end was printed. The sequence was GTC TGA GTC GGA GCC AGGGCG GCC GCC AAC. The oligo was prepared at a 20 uM concentration in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 8.5. Immediately after printing, slideswere placed overnight in a sealed sodium chloride chamber to maintain75% relative humidity. The printed slides were then washed with apre-warmed solution of 50 mM ethanolamine in 0.1 M Tris, pH 9.0 (Sigma,St. Louis, Mo.) at 45° C. for 30 minutes followed by another wash inpre-warmed 0.1% N-lauryl sarcosine (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) in 5×SSC (75mM sodium citrate, 0.75 M sodium chloride) for 1.5 hours at 45° C.Finally the slides were soaked in 10 mM citrate buffer at roomtemperature for 15 minutes and centrifuged to dry. Slides were scannedon GenePix 4000B microarray scanner (Axon Instruments, Union City,Calif.). In addition, contact angle of the spot on the substrate wasmeasured. Contact angle data was collected on a Krüss DSA MK2 goniometerKrüss, Hamburg, Germany) and calculated using the Fowkes method. Table 5summarizes the results.

TABLE 5 Signal Monomer of Photo NOS Intensity the Polymer (BBA- (Mal-Spot (Fluorescent Contact Surface backbone APMA) EAC-NOS Size (μ) Units)Angle (°) Compound N-acryloyl 1.80 13.70 326 16792 46.0 XIV morpholine*₁CodeLink ™ 508 15229 19.8 *₁N-acryloylmorpholine can be purchased fromSigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) CodeLink ™ is a trademark of AmershamBioSciences.

It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referentsunless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes mixture oftwo or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” isgenerally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the contentclearly dictates otherwise.

It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and theappended claims, the phrase “adapted and configured” describes system,apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured toperform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration to. Thephrase “adapted and configured” can be used interchangeably with othersimilar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed andarranged, adapted, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like.

All publications and patent applications in this specification areindicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which thisinvention pertains.

The invention has been described with reference to various specific andpreferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understoodthat many variations and modifications may be made while remainingwithin the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A substrate comprising a surface and a polymer, the polymer coatingat least a portion of and being coupled to the surface; the polymercomprising: at least about 40 mol-% N-substituted acrylamide,N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide,N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof; one or morependant reactive groups configured to form covalent bond withbiomolecule, wherein the pendant reactive groups comprisethermochemically reactive group, photochemically reactive group, ormixtures thereof.
 2. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the polymercomprises N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide,N-isopropylacrylamide, N-t-butylacrylamide, N-octylacrylamide,N-cyclohexylacrylamide, N-phenylacrylamide, N-benzylacrylamide,N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)acrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide, N—(CH₂OH)acrylamide,N—(CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide, N-methylmethacrylamide,N-ethylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide,N,N-diethylmethacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine,N-methacryloylmorpholine, N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)methacrylamide,N—(CH₂CH₂OH)methacrylamide, N—(CH₂OH)methacrylamide, or mixturesthereof.
 3. The substrate of claim 2, wherein the polymer comprisesN,N-dimethylacrylamide.
 4. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the polymercomprises about 85 to about 95 mol-% N-substituted acrylamide,N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide,N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof.
 5. The substrateof claim 1, wherein the polymer coating comprises an N-substitutedacrylamide, N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide,N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof in an amounteffective to provide a contact angle of about 30° to about 60° for asessile water drop.
 6. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the one or morereactive groups comprise thermochemically reactive group; thethermochemically reactive group comprising NOS, epoxide, aldehyde,isothiocyanate, or mixtures thereof.
 7. The substrate of claim 1,wherein the one or more reactive groups comprise photochemicallyreactive group; the photochemically reactive group comprisingacetophenone, benzophenone, quinone, anthraquinone, anthrone,heterocyclic analog of anthrone, or mixtures thereof.
 8. The substrateof claim 1, wherein the one or more reactive groups comprisephotochemically reactive group; the photochemically reactive groupcomprises photoreactive aryl ketone; and the biomolecule comprisesnucleic acid.
 9. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the substratecomprises activated slide.
 10. The substrate of claim 9, wherein theslide is configured for fabricating microarray; the biomoleculecomprises nucleic acid; and the surface comprises the surface ofplastic, silicon hydride, or organosilane-pretreated glass or siliconslide.
 11. The substrate of claim 9, wherein the slide is configured toreceive sample in an amount of twenty nanoliters or less.
 12. Thesubstrate of claim 1, wherein the biomolecule comprises polypeptide ornucleic acid.
 13. The substrate of claim 12, wherein the biomoleculecomprises nucleic acid and the nucleic acid comprises amine group,sulfhydryl group, or mixture thereof.
 14. A substrate comprising:support surface; and polymer coupled to the support surface; the polymercomprising: at least about 40 mol-% N-substituted acrylamide,N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide,N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof; and one or morereactive groups, wherein the one or more reactive groups comprisethermochemically reactive group, photochemically reactive group ormixtures thereof; wherein the polymer is configured to form covalentbonds with biomolecule.
 15. A composition comprising polymer; thepolymer comprising: at least about 40 mol-% N-substituted acrylamide,N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide,N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof; and one or morereactive groups configured to form covalent bonds with correspondingfunctional groups on biomolecule, wherein the one or more reactivegroups comprise thermochemically reactive group, photochemicallyreactive group or mixtures thereof; the polymer being configured to becovalently attached to surface.
 16. The composition of claim 15, whereinthe polymer comprises N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide,N-isopropylacrylamide, N-t-butylacrylamide, N-octylacrylamide,N-cyclohexylacrylamide, N-phenylacrylamide, N-benzylacrylamide,N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)acrylamide, N—(CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide, N—(CH₂OH)acrylamide,N—(CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)acrylamide, N-methylmethacrylamide,N-ethylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide,N,N-diethylmethacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine,N-methacryloylmorpholine, N—(CH₂OC₄H₉)methacrylamide,N—(C₂CH₂OH)methacrylamide, N—(CH₂OH)methacrylamide, or mixtures thereof.17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the polymer comprisesN,N-dimethylacrylamide.
 18. The composition of claim 15, wherein thepolymer comprises about 85 to about 95 mol-% N-substituted acrylamide,N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide,N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof.
 19. Thecomposition of claim 15, wherein the polymer coating comprises anN-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substitutedmethacrylamide, N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof inan amount effective to provide, when coated on a surface of a substrate,a contact angle of about 30° to about 60° for a sessile water drop. 20.The composition of claim 15, wherein the one or more reactive groupscomprise thermochemically reactive group; the thermochemically reactivegroup comprising NOS, epoxide, aldehyde, isothiocyanate, or mixturesthereof.
 21. The composition of claim 15, wherein the one or morereactive groups comprise photochemically reactive group; thephotochemically reactive group comprising acetophenone, benzophenone,quinone, anthraquinone, anthrone, heterocyclic analog of anthrone, ormixtures thereof.
 22. The composition of claim 15, wherein the one ormore reactive groups comprise photochemically reactive group; thephotochemically reactive group comprises photoreactive aryl ketone; andthe biomolecule comprises nucleic acid.
 23. The composition of claim 15,wherein: the biomolecule comprises nucleic acid; and the surfacecomprises organosilane-pretreated glass, organosilane-pretreatedsilicon, silicon hydride, or plastic.
 24. A method of attachingbiomolecule to surface of substrate, the method comprising: providingcomposition comprising polymer; the polymer comprising: at least about40 mol-% N-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstituted acrylamide,N-substituted methacrylamide, N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, ormixture thereof; and one or more pendent reactive groups configured toform covalent bonds with corresponding functional groups on biomolecule,wherein the one or more pendent reactive groups are selected fromthermochemically reactive group, photochemically reactive group, ormixtures thereof; the polymer being configured to be covalently attachedto the surface coating and immobilizing the composition on the substratesurface; providing solution comprising biomolecule comprising one ormore functional groups reactive with the reactive groups; applying analiquot of the solution to the substrate surface; and forming covalentbonds between the reactive group and the functional group of thebiomolecule.
 25. A microarray comprising: support surface; polymercovalently coupled to the support surface; the polymer comprising: atleast about 40 mol-% N-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedacrylamide, N-substituted methacrylamide, N,N-disubstitutedmethacrylamide, or mixture thereof; and one or more reactive groups,wherein the one or more reactive groups are selected fromthermochemically reactive group, photochemically reactive group, ormixtures thereof; biomolecule covalently bound to the polymer indiscrete spots.
 26. The microarray of claim 25, wherein the spots aregenerally circular in shape, have a diameter of about 20 microns toabout 100 microns, and are separated from other spots in the array bycenter to center spacing of about 40 microns to about 120 microns. 27.The microarray of claim 25, wherein the polymer coating comprises anN-substituted acrylamide, N,N-disubstituted acrylamide, N-substitutedmethacrylamide, N,N-disubstituted methacrylamide, or mixture thereof inan amount effective to provide a contact angle of about 30° to about 60°for a sessile water drop.